In rreod rof a rgdu to eb cedelra yb eht ky,eind ti smut ifrts eb efitdrle ni eth uerilog.lm uDsgr ihwt a hhig VD heva roem of the udrg ni hte tusesi ttah rea ont iabaavlle to iedrlfet yb the ndk.iye gsuDr thwi hhig nioertp gdbinni nt'ow eb dteleifr ie.terh oS you nawt a dgur wthi low Vd adn wol gidinbn fi oyu twna ti radecel iva eht keindys dna nieur.

paK is Hp at whhic any gdur si at its 05% eznoidi .sttae

oNw ew rea kal rinue e.i icn .pH hwen t&;ppaKgH ti lilw ehav wot dffi athp orf accidi dgur ;&mpa bicsa .urgd

icAcid dgru lilw cin tsi atnemiionil nci( niozeid r)fm,o cbias durg lwli be oerm bredaoss b.o we dene ot wnok het rudg is ascib .c/adcii

Now if u lka nrieu sit iitmlieoann ni.c os ti heav ot be iccda.i ro u acn konw ist a oisd aslt fo urdg whit CNS oprprety ei. mtso ilek alnbhaPboeirt ke(Wa )iacd

so fi pKa fo urgd is a-6t-- Hp 7 ew lilw sttra ntemilginia

tbu fi aKp is 0 we dene ot aeirs pH fo urnie at 11 to tsrat tiailtan.miegn ttah piont epvr udrg =p6K()a dluwo eb yloatlt out of ytsems.

atsth wyh A is eht tirgh ans a(Kp = 6)

If you want ot lcrea a ug,rd ti is rpboably btes atth ti nto be nboud ot ieosprtn os( tath it steg ieltd)efr nda ti ash a wlo ouemlv fo bnotiiduistr os( ti sitn' in eth p,ede hadr ot hecar .esiusts)

igalrht tles do t.shi meso of het esocnmtm eewr layrel lelw danxeipl,e ehevorw mi gonig to try aerntoh tuer.o setl dael whit Kpa nesic teh eothr mconmste daapinxeel Vd llwe gnuo.he dkosu lelosflesf.a/l

rsitf itnhg si ouy veha ot mdetniree fi tis an icda ro bes.a 09% of eth miet tis ogign ot eb a kewa d,aci we melpis odnt mtafeolur cuhm eminiscdoat as ssabe in re.elagn oals sti sidumo stla nad NSC os you oknw ti ahs to eb lpbei.nabrohta stpe (1) olw Kpa amnes iacd (7-).4 uyo mtsu nwko this. 2() yuo tmsu ownk atth all ascdi ttsar ffo nraulte nad htne loes na noi t&;-g- geinobcm .gedchar dna lla sseab strat off ahedrcg adn hnet selo na nio to ebemoc nteurla th(is si hwy ew tond eus cbasi usgrd ausbcee tish leautnr ghecra hsa a ighh vd nda istepdos in stiessu = adb ni )yed.rell uyo watn rdcaheg cb athts awht is hyohiidrpcl aka pee ti uot. )3( txne eus thwa i justj adsi adn aylpp it to siht c:hrat

2+ = %99

+1 = %90

1- = 1%0

2- = %1

eth rstif rmnueb psertesren eht ecefnedfri entwbee Hp nad aKp pKa( is envgi by eth tequnsio ayaswl,) Hp si hawt you ednhgac hnew ouy ekizlaaldn the ni.uer os orf tsih uoniseqt ti olwud :be pHp-aK = high sbaic euavl ;(7&g)t uinsm pka ( eawk icad 7)-.4

nwo the snodce regtcnepae rnesesertp het retpeceagn of sdidieacsot por.not os ofr na d,ica they iwll eeombc cgea,hrd this easmn that fi the frdienfcee tnewebe teh hp dna pKa si eovr 1+ ehtn %90 of het icda lilw og rmfo eaunltr to d.rcageh fi hte hp is 2+ earertg hatn AKp ehtn %99 fo teh cdia liwl vhae slot ist ntpoor and emboec geadhrc

tles suermiamz h:ist eerw dtlo tsi a akwe acid = aak Kpa benetwe 74.- we atwn to tge to kaet the kawe dcai fmor sti artunel rofm noit a cghreda rofm ot teg rdi fo ti. so we lkzanaleia eth nie,ru beaecsu ebssa are eirghh pH you liwl tge a oemr + murbne suht teh kwae iacd iwll go ofrm aetulrn ot cegdrha adn be edecertx.

I aws dnrionweg if it aws ot wlaol fro aiatrlp NCS ipntrneoeat sinec het rudg is soeuyslpdp upesospd to avhe NSC ftfcee

ofr kwae =kHca dpasip + lgo (HA()/)A- aka enrdesnoh hlsesacahb noiqi featu ouy vlose hist, uy'lol get ttha Hp - akp = ( ))nAAdHlga/o-( hnte gnaia oyu lliw gte 01 to ewrop hp - pak = /-AAH. fer[Re to nkil in om ceno]nwmts rnogiienscd ahtt teh hp fo our dybo si 3.7 gse not,mwhei cna lveso for pak 01 and apk 6 ingus isht ru.hmaoTalft is orf pak 6 nda byod ph ,3.7 it wlil eb 01 ot eht epowr fo .1,3 lduwo mnae that /AHA iator si a tspevoii unemrb, pmiilyng hatt -A ;t&g HA. hewse ar orf enwh pak si 1,0 het /AH-A artoni is 10 ot wpero of 72.,- mnagien that AHA-&g.t;

ndA sa ydlraea emedniton ni the baveo ,ecsnmtmo ew ened na cocnii ,mfro ot eianlitme hte gud,r ti oduwl be rrederepf if eth pak si 6 as in atht ,case io(niA)-c uldow eb in orem r.cnttcoinneao

os what if hsti aws sendeirv eerhw hte durg ni eiuotnqs aws a abes dna thta uiren was dci.idaefii nkow hte Kap wolud need to eb &;tg7 tbu ahwt botau eht pH

mmencot[ eovdm ot nmtucbemso]