to snoo-finity ... and beyond!
to snoo-finity ... and beyond!
After the cuff is tied, the cells and tissue distal to the cuff will continue consuming ATP (ATP->ADP), but no fresh blood will be delivered to “clear” what will be an accumulating amount of ADP and other metabolites. ADP (=Adenosine) is itself a proxy of consumption and drives vasodilation of arteries! (Evolution is smart!) Increasing ADP/Adenosine in a “local environment” is a signal to the body that a lot of consumption is occurring there; thus, arteries and arterioles naturally dilate to increase blood flow rates and “sweep away” metabolic byproducts.
Which of the following reasons is why this question is bull?
1) Using the word "cyclic" instead of tricyclic for clarity
2) Knowing all of epidemiology of all drugs
3) having to reason out that anticholinergic effects are probably the worst over alpha1 or H1 effects to no certainty.
4) The crippling depression of studying for days-to-weeks on end to probably do average on the test.
Subacute combined degeneration never produces exagerated reflexes. It's one of the causes of babinski + with absent ankle reflex.
Always know this Hypo or hypernatremia is because of change in the volume, this patient is going through heart failure, renal perfusion has gone down that leads to release of ADH cos of osmoreceptors stimulation. Now high ADH will reabsorb more free water that will lead to hyponatremia. So hyponatremia is almost always related to high ADH. I know few of you will think but RAAS system is activated too but that abosrb Na along with water but ADH just free water.
Rheumatoid arthritis in an inflammatory process, you wanna block Tnf alpha which is a major inflammation accelerator, IL 2 blockers used for tansplant rejections, because you dont want your B and T cells proliferating, IL 2 induces differentiation of all immune cells.
When you are comparing the therapeutic effects of two drugs it's a clinical trial and when both the patients and providers know which drug it's open label. Clinical trial could be done between tx/control or tx/tx. It can't be crossover as there is no wash out phase