Na-(Cl-+HCO3-)=anion gap = 140-(105+10) = 25 mEq/L

normal range for anion gap is 8 to 16 mEq/L...Therefore, positive anion gap.

pH = 7.25, normal range 7.35-7.45... Therefore acidosis

Normal bicarbonate 22-28, questions shows bicarb of 10. Therefore metabolic acidosis

Additionally PCO2 normally 33-45 mm Hg, question shows PCO2 of 23 with normal PO2, therefore respiratory compensation

elderly lady with slow, progressive memory loss, normal physical exam, no signs of depression, this is most likely Alzheimer disease.

AChE inhibitors are used for treatment because Alzheimer's is associated with low ACh. Also used are NMDA receptor antagonist (memantine)

I don't think it matters whether or not this was ALS ( which I still think it is). But theres fasiculations and Weakness and atrophy those are LMNL signs. Theres sooo many sneaky questions in this exam, this isnt one of them.

This question is very sneaky, but in essence this is whats happening.

The accidental removal of the PTH glands during thyroidectomy ⇒ ↓ PTH

PTH normally: --in bone: ↑ removal of Ca²⁺ and Phophate from bone --in kidneys: ↑ Ca²⁺ reabsorption and ↓ PO₄³⁻ reabsorption --↑ conversion of 25, Hydroxyvitamin D to 1,25 Hydroxyvitamin D (Calcitriol - active form) via ↑ activity of 1-a Hydroxylase deficiency

Therefore a ↓ PTH would lead to:

⇒ ↑ PO₄³⁻ ⇒ ↓ Ca²⁺ ⇒ ↓ 1,25 Hydroxyvitamin D

The question is sneaky (much like the rest of this exam) because someone who isnt focusing really hard or in a rush might pick the option C where phophate is ↑ and PTH is ↓ BUT ↓ 25 hydroxyvitamin D

This is wrong as only 1,25 hydroxyvitamin D would be decreased, the conversions before this are done by the skin (sunlight) and liver.

I really wish they would stop making the questions confusing PURELY for the sake of making them confusing. Isnt it enough that we have to know this ridiculous amount of information, without having them intentionally making it harder by pointing you to 1 answer choice but changing a minute detail to make you answer wrong. Or using a random ass nomenclature for a disease to avoid making it too simple (PSGN = "proliferative GN")

Might be this way, correct me please if my approach is mistaken. So in the Stem we have a Painful nodule, (Due to 10weeks ago Sutures) So im thinking on Suture granuloma, that forms a lesion (Painful Nodule) arround the non-absorbable suture material.

First Aid 2019 page 622 stimulatory growth effects of testosterone include red blood cells. I think they expect us to know this.

i get why it's flagellin, but is the specific reason that LPS is wrong is because it's just not how the vaccine is made? LPS would also elicit an immune reaction, right?

I think there's a UWorld question describing how cystic fibrosis can cause fat soluble vitamin deficiency and how a Vit E def in that context might manifest similarly to B12 def. (Also in first aid)

There is a decent UWorld question explaining how this works. Only reason I remembered it.

Where is this even from? My mind's going hay wire trying to understand this.

This is a bad question. Platelet aggregation time being normal, ok fine I can see that. But VWF stabilizes factor 8 and you'd see an increase in PTT (first line next to VWF in First Aid). Why is their PTT normal?

FA 2019 page 308. Most common cause of acute/primary pericarditis is assumed to be viral.