laClncstaiuo for dad. heT apirtilbbyo of het artfhe enbgi a riecrar si /23 siecn ti si nnokw htta he snedot’ vhae eht ideeass. Tenh hte byiraiotblp of ihm snapgsi ti on to shi idk is /21, hts:u

• aitPyiobblr fo add geinb iecrrar = /32
• bblirPityoa of dda npssgia no ssieade llleea = 12/

uCillanctsoa rfo omm. thWi the HbWrredna-geyi cr,inPlpie ouy anc ruegfi tou eht aylrpbtbioi fo teh rmeoth engbi a crraeri:

q = s/01tr)04,0(q0 = 0021/

,oS 2qp = 2 * 1/002 * 12/9009, hwich is ppraox 0./101

For the hcidl ot teg the llaeel mrfo ,omm owt thigns eedn to enpah:p )(1 omm sumt eb a rcerari ertth[zygo]“o”ee dan ()2 omm umst psas eht leaell to id:hlc

• tyarioiPlbb of mmo einbg rcriaer = 10/10
• yrbbialiPot fo mom sgnipas no saesedi alleel = /21

tuPign ti lla ghretoet. w,oN bneicmo all reohtt:ge

= rbytpblii(oa fo add gnieb eira)rrc * l(yriibtobap of dda ipsnsga on siseead eal)lle * ipiaro(tybbl fo omm nbeig rceai)rr * rapbitb(yiol fo mmo ssagpin no aisedes )lellae

= /23 * 2/1 * 1010/ * /21
= 1 ni 060

ndaiMeanl einsetG:c

anM sha /32 ccnhae fo inegb a .erarcri (eH deso ont hvea eht a.isesed) nmaWo arirrce ksir tums eb tealcdaucl hitw ^p2 + 2pq + q2^. ^2q = 040,1/00 q = 1,2/00 p si uorylhg = 2p1q = /0110 = riraCer cryfenuqe .

ksRi fo gvnhia a dhcli usth qseaul 23/ x 1010/ x /14 = 060/1 ese/B:u c23a = naM Crairer rkis 01 1/0 = eFealm reriCra 4i1sRk/ = haneCc ehty aehc psas no eht escvesrei nege ot rteih girson.pff

hTis hte amse sa @kmoyanpey'sc xonaiptnlea with orme aleainxopnt ehost htat ened .t.i.

heT aitnetp si eftucneafd yb teh utlrrpciaa amuootasl evcreeiss edseias nda his ohbrter has het ooalumats cesviesre edaiess t&-g;- thsi asenm heca fo theri tpreans raciers eth AR ellael. N,wo for eth eptinat to eb nuedfcetfa envig ahtt obth shi tarensp ehva eht AR ale,lel ti nsema atht the ateitnp sha a /32 enahcc that eh si iaoluustmeylsn ateefufndc nad a ci.aerrr

hTe sita'epnt ntrapre is dcufetefna adn mrnoal -rgyaediWnerbH nseecigt sa( aettds ni het .peohebml).wrn tish is liafcpsyielc itdnmeon,e uoy rea ot musesa atth hte apnrter sha a airrcer crenyufqe rfo eth AR lelale, hciwh eqlau to p2q.

eTh sdeaies ash a rqcnueefy in het aotpnoiupl of 0100.4/0 shiT is 2q^ --;t&g 2q^ = 00/.0041 iogSnvl rof ,q yuo gte q = 021/0.

iaCrrer freqnceyu is q.p2 eewrvoH, rfo a aerr eiesads, p2q ≈ q.2 o,S eht eicarrr necqruefy orf hte retranp = q2 = 2 * 0/012 = .0101/

Nw,o hte Q sask uatob na srpofnfig fo eth apnetit nda sih rnpreta bnige feetdacf, so ot veah na etdcaffe hildc, herte si a 41/ cchaen fo vaihgn an ftafeced lhidc s(eecubsa het ienptta adn hte ptarner boht vhae a /12 ceacnh of igsnasp eth llaele -&g-;t you lumtilpe teseh etohtegr 12/ * /1.)2

,So ymulpitl 32/ * /1010 * 41/ = .0/601 hTsi is naiPtet(p egnib a recra)ir * eaprrtP(n ibnge a erri)rac * vg(Paihn an cefeafdt prfgfnosi .g)rtohete

hTe ilaytoribpb fo eth ethfra gbine a raeirrc is /23 incse ti is knwno thta eh dneo’ts aevh hte se.asedi ehTn the ioblrtpiyba fo imh sgpsain ti no to sih kid si:

2/1 * 3/2 = /13

tWih het -rbgWrnyieeHad ipirlc,neP oyu cna ifuerg uot teh ybiioptrabl of teh rmohte nibge a cerrar:i

q = q1(0r0)t4,/s00 = 01/02

,So pq2 = 2 * 012/0 * 009192/, hiwhc axoppr si 010/,1 dan het tbiliaprybo of het idhcl getgtni hits elllea is /1100 * 2/1 = 0210/

:uTsh

20/01 * 1/3 = 10/06

wyh teher si pybriiolbat fo earfth iegbn a errarci is /23