Aren't M1 receptors found in the brain and are responsible for motion sickness?

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/cns.12468

pg.4 of the manuscript, bottom right paragraph

Renal damage from PKD can ultimately cause chronic renal insufficiency. This impairs the ability of the kidney to excrete phosphorus and reabsorb HCO3. Elevated phosphate levels in the blood triggers release of FGF-23 from bone, which lowers vitamin D production and decreases calcium absorption in the intestine. The resulting hypocalcemia and hyperphosphatemia will lead to an increase in the secretion of PTH.

Immune thrombocytopenia (FA 2017, pg 405) - causes destruction of antibody-platelet complex by spleen leading to decrease in platelet QUANTITY and increased megakaryocytes on bone marrow biopsy.

Most problems with cell division occur in anaphase of Meiosis I.

FA 2019 Pg 373
chronic gastritis mucosal inflammation leading to atrophy

why is the Na normal in this patient? Everything else made sense, the high K and 17 hydroxyprogesterone.

I put CHF, still not sure why it is wrong over BPH, but my reasoning is that BPH causes obstructive urine flow --> Hydronephrosis and once the urine has been made it can't be redone and is like filling up a damn with water. Straight Stasis. vs CHF there is protective mechanisms in place for a while until frank CKD.

Inhaled anesthetics that have low blood:gas partition coefficient/blood solubility dissolve in blood more easily. Therefore, there is LESS gas needed to saturate blood -- aka faster saturation of blood. This leads to faster saturation of brain.

tldr; low solubility --> faster onset --> faster recovery

This would just be the normal response of our kidneys to when we don't drink water enough (aka just normal).

Proximal tubule is isotonic because we are reabsorbing BOTH Na+ and H2O.

Macula densa is hypotonic because it is sensing the distal convoluted tubule -- the most DILUTE part of the nephron. Remember the countercurrent exchange system - thick ascending limb is losing NaCl (urine gets less concentrated as it ascends).

Medullary collecting duct is hypertonic because we are reabsorbing all the water making the urine more concentrated.

The patient walked barefoot on the beach and had cirrhosis, which makes him vulnerable for V. vulnificus bacteremia. V. vulnificus bacteremia has a very poor prognosis.

From Uptodate: "[V. vulnificus] is the leading cause of shellfish-associated deaths in the United States. Infections due to V. vulnificus are most common in individuals who have chronic, underlying illness; individuals with liver disease or hemochromatosis are at greatest risk."

Question was tricky -- need to look ate FOLATE levels. Both B12 deficiency and folate deficiency will cause an increase in homocysteine. Only B12 deficiency will cause an increase in BOTH methylmalonic acid AND homocysteine.

"Despite inhibition of HMG-CoA reductase by statins, cells compensate by increasing enzyme expression several fold. However, the total body cholesterol is reduced by 20%–40% due to increased expression of LDL receptors after statin administration."

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology/hmg-coa

Uremia: part of MUDPILE

hence you develop metabolic acidosis --> LOW bicarb with DEC. pH and you develop respiratory alkalosis in response

Neisseria meningitides can lead to Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome (adrenal insufficiency, fever, DIC, shock)

1. Administer ACTH and monitor cortisol response
2. If cortisol increases --> shock is due to pituitary insufficiency
3. If cortisol does not increase --> shock is due to adrenal insufficiency

Dexamethasone suppression test is indicated for patients who present with signs of cortisol EXCESS.

Does anyone know why this is Uric Acid not N. gonorrhea? All I see in the micrograph are neutrophils. Is that white line in the middle of the picture that overlays the lymphocyte supposed to be the needle-shaped uric acid? Or is it because she's an old lady and usually septic Arthritis is from S. Aureus, so it would more like by uric acid and not gonorrhea since she's older?

divalent cations interfere with the absorption (adsorbtion?) of Ciprofloxacin.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7714464 common issues in type 1 and type 2 diabetics